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Species of North american mammal

American marten
Newfoundland Pine Marten.jpg

Conservation status


Least Business (IUCN 3.1)[one]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Social club: Carnivora
Family: Mustelidae
Genus: Martes
Species:

Grand. americana

Binomial name
Martes americana

(Turton, 1806)[2]

Subspecies[3]
  • One thousand. a. americana
  • M. a. abieticola
  • M. a. abietinoides
  • K. a. actuosa
  • Yard. a. atrata
  • Thousand. a. brumalis
  • Chiliad. a. kenaiensis
American Marten area.png
American marten range (note: map is missing distribution in parts of Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, and New England; includes range of Pacific marten)
Synonyms
  • Martes nobilis [4]
  • Alopecogale americana
  • Alopecogale nobilis

The American marten [ane] (Martes americana), also known every bit the American pino marten, is a species of North American mammal, a member of the family Mustelidae. The species is sometimes referred to as only the pine marten. The proper name "pine marten" is derived from the common proper noun of the distinct Eurasian species Martes martes. It is found throughout Canada, Alaska, and parts of the northern United states. It is a long, slender-bodied weasel, with fur ranging from yellowish to brown to near black. It may be dislocated with the fisher (Pekania pennanti), only the marten is lighter in colour and smaller. Identification of the marten is further eased by a characteristic bib that is a distinctly different colour than the body. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced, with males being much larger.

The diet is omnivorous and varies by flavor, but relies chiefly on modest mammals similar voles. They are lone except during the mid-summer breeding season. Embryonic implantation is delayed until late winter however, with a litter of 1–five kits built-in the post-obit bound. Young stay with the mother in a constructed den until the fall, and reach sexual maturity past i year one-time.

Their sable-like fur made them a thoroughly trapped species during the top of the North American fur trade. Trapping peaked in 1820, and populations were depleted until subsequently the turn of the century. Populations have rebounded since, with them being considered a species of least-business organization past the IUCN; however, they remain extirpated from some areas of the Northeast, and of the 7 subspecies, ane is threatened.

Taxonomy [edit]

The Pacific marten (Martes caurina) was formerly thought to exist conspecific, only genetic studies support both being singled-out species from one some other.[5] [6] [7] [8] The Pacific marten has a longer snout and a broader cranium than the American marten.

Vii subspecies have been recognized.[9] None of the subspecies are separable based on morphology and subspecies taxonomy is usually ignored except with regards to conservation bug centered around subspecies rather than ranges.[x]

  • 1000. a. abieticola (Preble)
  • M. a. abietinoides (Gray)
  • M. a. actuosa (Osgood)
  • M. a. americana (Turton)
  • M. a. atrata (Bangs)
  • M. a. brumalis (Bangs)
  • Thousand. a. kenaiensis (Elliot)

A fossil species from the Late Pleistocene to Early on Holocene known as Martes nobilis is considered synonymous with the American marten.[4]

Distribution and habitat [edit]

The American marten is broadly distributed in northern N America. From north to south its range extends from the northern limit of treeline in arctic Alaska and Canada s to New York. From e to west, its distribution extends from Newfoundland to western Alaska, and southwest to the Pacific declension of Canada. In Canada and Alaska, the American marten's distribution is vast and continuous. In the northeastern and midwestern United States, American marten distribution is limited to mountain ranges that provide preferred habitat. Over time, the distribution of American marten has contracted and expanded regionally, with local extirpations and successful recolonizations occurring in the Groovy Lakes region and some parts of the Northeast.[xi] The American marten has been reintroduced in several areas where extinction occurred, although in some cases information technology has instead been introduced into the range of the Pacific marten.[12]

Martens were once thought to live only in sometime conifer (evergreen) forests but further study shows that martens live in both old and young deciduous (leafy) and conifer forests[13] equally well equally mixed forests, including in Alaska and Canada, and south into northern New England,[14] [15] [xvi] and the Adirondacks in New York.[17] Groups of martens too alive in the Midwest, in Wisconsin and much of Minnesota.[13] Trapping and devastation of woods habitat take reduced its numbers, only information technology is even so much more than abundant than the larger fisher. The Newfoundland subspecies (M. a. atrata) is considered to be threatened.

A wide, natural hybrid zone between the Pacific and American martens is known to exist in the Columbia Mountains, as well as Kupreanof and Kuiu Islands in Alaska.[18] Several translocations of American marten have been made without regard to the Pacific marten, threatening the latter species. On Dall Island, American martens have been introduced and are hybridizing with the native Pacific marten population, which may put information technology chance. On many islands throughout the Alexander Archipelago, American martens have been introduced and are present, with no sign of the Pacific martens; it is unknown whether the islands previously had no marten species until American martens were introduced, or whether the Pacific martens existed on those islands previously but were extirpated by the introduced American martens. In improver, genetic testify of introgression with American martens is present in other parts of the Pacific marten'south range, which is likely also a consequence of American marten introductions.[7] [19] [xviii]

Home range [edit]

Compared to other carnivores, American marten population density is low for their torso size. One review reports population densities ranging from 0.4 to 2.v individuals/kmtwo.[eleven] Population density may vary annually[20] or seasonally.[21] Depression population densities have been associated with low abundance of prey species.[xi]

Habitation range size of the American marten is extremely variable, with differences attributable to sexual activity,[22] [23] [24] [25] yr, geographic area,[11] prey availability,[11] [26] embrace type, quality or availability,[11] [26] habitat fragmentation,[27] reproductive condition, resident status, predation,[28] and population density.[26] Domicile range size does non appear to exist related to body size for either sex activity.[22] Home range size ranged from 0.04 sq mi (0.1 km2) in Maine to 6.i sq mi (15.7 km2) in Minnesota for males, and 0.04 sq mi (0.1 kmii) in Maine to iii.0 sq mi (vii.vii km2) in Wisconsin for females.[26]

Males generally showroom larger home ranges than females,[22] [23] [24] [25] which some authors suggest is due to more specific habitat requirements of females (e.g., denning or prey requirements) that limit their power to shift dwelling range.[23] However, unusually large dwelling ranges were observed for 4 females in two studies (Alaska[29] and Quebec[20]).

Domicile ranges are indicated by scent-marking. American marten male pelts ofttimes show signs of scarring on the caput and shoulders, suggesting intrasexual assailment that may exist related to home range maintenance.[26] Home range overlap is generally minimal or nonexistent betwixt adult males[21] [24] [30] just may occur between males and females,[21] [24] adult males and juveniles,[24] [31] and between females.[32]

Several authors have reported that home range boundaries appear to coincide with topographical or geographical features. In south-primal Alaska, domicile range boundaries included creeks and a major river.[24] In an expanse burned eight years previously in interior Alaska, home range boundaries coincided with transition areas between riparian and non riparian habitats.[32]

Description [edit]

The American marten is a long, slender-bodied weasel most the size of a mink with relatively large rounded ears, short limbs, and a bushy tail. American marten have a roughly triangular head and sharp nose. Their long, silky fur ranges in color from pale yellowish buff to tawny brown to almost blackness. Their caput is usually lighter than the rest of their trunk, while the tail and legs are darker. American marten usually accept a characteristic throat and chest bib ranging in color from pale straw to vivid orange.[12] Sexual dimorphism is pronounced, with males averaging well-nigh fifteen% larger than females in length and as much as 65% larger in body weight.[12]

Full length ranges from 1.5 to two.2 feet (0.five–0.7 m),[33] [11] with tail length of 5.iv to half-dozen.iv inches (135–160 mm),[33] Adult weight ranges from 1.1 to three.ane pounds (0.5–1.4 kg)[33] [11] and varies past historic period and location. Other than size, sexes are like in appearance.[11] American marten have express body-fat reserves, experience high mass-specific heat loss, and take a limited fasting endurance. In winter, individuals may go into shallow torpor daily to reduce rut loss.[34]

Behavior [edit]

American marten displaying its characteristic light-colored throat

American marten activity patterns vary by region,[26] though in general, activity is greater in summer than in winter.[12] [34] American marten may exist agile equally much as 60% of the day in summertime but as petty as 16% of the day in wintertime[34] In due north-central Ontario individuals were agile well-nigh 10 to sixteen hours a twenty-four hours in all seasons except late wintertime, when activity was reduced to virtually 5 hours a mean solar day. In due south-central Alaska, American marten were more active in autumn (66% active) than in belatedly winter and early leap (43% active).[24]

American marten may be nocturnal or diurnal. Variability in daily activeness patterns has been linked to activeness of major prey species,[26] [35] foraging efficiency,[24] sexual practice, reducing exposure to extreme temperatures,[24] [26] [32] season,[xxx] [34] [35] and timber harvest. In south-primal Alaska, American marten were nocturnal in autumn, with strong individual variability in diel activity in belatedly winter. Activeness occurred throughout the day in belatedly winter and early spring.[24]

Daily distance traveled may vary past age,[29] sex, habitat quality, season,[thirty] prey availability, traveling atmospheric condition, weather, and physiological condition of the individual. One marten in due south-central Alaska repeatedly traveled 7 to 9 miles (11–14 km) overnight to motility between 2 areas of dwelling range focal activity.[24] One private in central Idaho moved as much as 9 miles (14 km) a twenty-four hours in wintertime, but movements were largely bars to a one,280-acre (518 ha) area. Juvenile American marten in east-key Alaska traveled significantly farther each day than adults (1.4 miles (2.2 km) vs. 0.9-mile (1.four km)).[29]

Weather factors [edit]

Weather may affect American marten action, resting site use, and prey availability. Individuals may become inactive during storms or extreme cold.[26] [36] In interior Alaska, a subtract in above-the-snow activity occurred when ambient temperatures vicious below −4F (−20C).[32]

A snowy habitat in many parts of the range of the American marten provides thermal protection[31] and opportunities for foraging and resting.[30] American marten may travel extensively under the snowpack. Subnivean travel routes of >33 feet (10 thou) on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.[37]

American marten are well adapted to snow. On the Kenai Peninsula, individuals navigated through deep snowfall regardless of depth, with tracks rarely sinking >2 inches (5 cm) into the snowfall pack. Snow pattern may affect distribution, with the presence of American marten linked to deep snowfall areas.[31]

Where deep snow accumulates, American marten prefer cover types that preclude snowfall from packing difficult and accept structures nigh the ground that provide access to sub nivean sites.[38] While American marten select habitats with deep snow, they may concentrate activity in patches with relatively shallow snow.

Reproduction [edit]

Breeding [edit]

American marten achieve sexual maturity by 1 yr of age, only constructive breeding may not occur before 2 years of historic period.[34] In captivity, 15-yr-old females bred successfully.[12] [39] In the wild, 12-year-old females were reproductive.[39]

Adult American marten are generally alone except during the breeding flavor.[12] They are polygamous, and females may have multiple periods of estrus.[39] Females enter estrus in July or Baronial,[34] with courtship lasting nigh 15 days.[12] Embryonic implantation is delayed until belatedly winter, with active gestation lasting approximately two months.[13] Females give birth in late March or April to a litter ranging from 1 to 5 kits.[34] Annual reproductive output is low according to predictions based on trunk size. Fecundity varies by age and year and may exist related to food abundance.[11]

Denning behavior [edit]

Females use dens to give birth and to shelter kits. Dens are classified equally either natal dens, where parturition takes place, or maternal dens, where females move their kits afterward birth.[11] American marten females use a variety of structures for natal and maternal denning, including the branches, cavities or broken tops of live trees, snags,[30] stumps, logs,[thirty] woody debris piles, rock piles, and carmine squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) nests or middens. Females prepare a natal den by lining a crenel with grass, moss, and leaves.[26] They frequently move kits to new maternal dens once kits are vii–13 weeks old. Most females spend more than l% of their time attending dens in both pre-weaning and weaning periods, with less time spent at dens equally kits aged. Paternal care has non been documented.[11]

Development of young [edit]

Weaning occurs at 42 days. Young sally from dens at nearly 50 days but may exist moved by their female parent before this.[11] In northwestern Maine, kits were active simply poorly coordinated at 7 to 8 weeks, gaining coordination by 12 to fifteen weeks. Young achieve adult body weight around 3 months.[34]

Kits generally stay in the company of their mother through the end of their kickoff summertime, and almost disperse in the autumn.[11] The timing of juvenile dispersal is not consistent throughout American marten'due south distribution, ranging from early on August to Oct.[xi] In south-primal Yukon, young-of-the-year dispersed from mid-July to mid-September, coinciding with the onset of female rut.[21] Observations from Yukon[21] suggest that juveniles may disperse in early spring.

Food habits [edit]

American marten are opportunistic predators, influenced past local and seasonal abundance and availability of potential prey.[34] They crave virtually 80 cal/day while at rest, the equivalent of about 3 voles (Microtus, Myodes, and Phenacomys spp.).[26] Voles boss diets throughout the American marten'due south geographic range,[34] though larger prey—particularly snowshoe hares—may exist important, peculiarly in winter.[31] Red-backed voles (Myodes spp.) are generally taken in proportion to their availability, while meadow voles (Microtus' spp.) are taken in excess of their availability in most areas. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and shrews (Soricidae) are by and large eaten less than expected, simply may be important food items in areas lacking culling prey species.[11]

American marten diet may shift seasonally[24] [40] [31] [35] [41] or annually.[24] [36] In general, diet is more various in summertime than wintertime, with summer diets containing more fruit, other vegetation, and insects. Nutrition is generally more diverse in with the American marten's distribution compared to Pacific marten's,[34] though there is high diversity in the Pacific states. American marten showroom the least diet diversity in the subarctic, though diversity may also be low in areas where the diet is dominated by large prey species (e.m., snowshoe hares or ruby squirrels).[42]

American marten may be important seed dispersers; seeds generally laissez passer through the animal intact, and seeds are likely germinable. 1 study from Chichagof Island, southeast Alaska, institute that Alaska blueberry (Vaccinium alaskensis) and ovalleaf blueberry (V. ovalifolium) seeds had higher formation rates after passing through the gut of American marten compared to seeds that dropped from the parent plant. Analyses of American marten movement and seed passage rates suggested that American marten could disperse seeds long distances: 54% of the distances analyzed were >0.3-mile (0.5 km).[43]

Mortality [edit]

American marten alarm to the presence of a dog

Life bridge [edit]

American marten in captivity may alive for 15 years. The oldest individual documented in the wild was 14.five years sometime. Survival rates vary by geographic region, exposure to trapping, habitat quality, and age. In an unharvested population in northeastern Oregon, the probability of survival of American marten ≥9 months quondam was 0.55 for one year, 0.37 for 2 years, 0.22 for 3 years, and 0.xv for 4 years. The mean annual probability of survival was 0.63 for 4 years.[44] In a harvested population in e-cardinal Alaska, annual developed survival rates ranged from 0.51 to 0.83 over 3 years of written report. Juvenile survival rates were lower, ranging from 0.26 to 0.50.[29] In Newfoundland, annual adult survival was 0.83. Survival of juveniles from October to April was 0.76 in a protected population, just 0.51 in areas open to snaring and trapping.[27] In western Quebec, natural mortality rates were higher in clearcut areas than in unlogged areas.[45]

Predators [edit]

American marten are vulnerable to predation from raptors and other carnivores. The threat of predation may be an important factor shaping American marten habitat preferences, a hypothesis inferred from their avoidance of open areas and from behavioral observations of the European pino marten (Martes martes).[11] Specific predators vary by geographic region. In Newfoundland, cerise foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were the most frequent predator, though coyote (Canis latrans) and other American marten were also responsible for some deaths.[27] In deciduous forests in northeastern British Columbia, well-nigh predation was attributed to raptors.[25] Throughout the distribution of American marten, other predators include the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), golden hawkeye (Aquila chrysaetos), Canada lynx (50. canadensis), mountain lion (Puma concolor),[12] [39] fisher (Pekania pennanti), wolverine (Gulo gulo), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), American black conduct (U. americanus), and gray wolf (C. lupus).[32]

Hunting [edit]

The fur of the American marten is shiny and luxuriant, resembling that of the closely related sable. At the turn of the twentieth century, the American marten population was depleted due to the fur trade. The Hudson's Bay Company traded in pelts from this species among others. Numerous protection measures and reintroduction efforts have allowed the population to increment, simply deforestation is still a trouble for the marten in much of its habitat. American marten are trapped for their fur in all but a few states and provinces where they occur.[34] The highest annual accept in North America was 272,000 animals in 1820.[26]

Trapping is a major source of American marten bloodshed in some populations[29] [45] and may account for up to ninety% of all deaths in some areas.[11] Overharvesting has contributed to local extirpations.[46] Trapping may impact population density, sex activity ratios and age construction.[11] [26] [34] Juveniles are more vulnerable to trapping than adults,[27] [46] and males are more vulnerable than females.[11] [27] American marten are specially vulnerable to trapping mortality in industrial forests.[34]

Other [edit]

Other sources of bloodshed include drowning,[37] starvation,[47] exposure,[44] choking, and infections associated with injury.[27] During live trapping, high mortality may occur if individuals get moisture in common cold weather.[12]

American marten host several internal and external parasites, including helminths, fleas (Siphonaptera), and ticks (Ixodida).[26] American marten in central Ontario carried both toxoplasmosis and Aleutian disease, merely neither affliction was suspected to cause meaning bloodshed.[39] High American marten mortality in Newfoundland was caused by encephalitis.[47]

References [edit]

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain fabric from the United States Department of Agronomics certificate: "Martes americana".

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  42. ^ Martin, Sandra Thou. (1994). "Feeding ecology of American martens and fishers", in Buskirk, pp. 297–315
  43. ^ Hickey, Jena R. (1997). The dispersal of seeds of understory shrubs by American martens, Martes americana, on Chichagof Isle, Alaska. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming. Thesis
  44. ^ a b Balderdash, Evelyn 50.; Heater, Thad W (2001). "Survival, causes of mortality, and reproduction in the American marten in northeastern Oregon" (PDF). Northwestern Naturalist. 82 (1): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3536640. JSTOR 3536640.
  45. ^ a b Potvin, Francois; Breton, Laurier. (1995). "Brusk-term effects of clearcutting on martens and their prey in the boreal wood of western Quebec", pp. 452–474 in Proulx, Gilbert; Bryant, Harold North.; Woodard, Paul K., eds. Martes: taxonomy, ecology, techniques, and management: Proceedings of the 2nd international Martes symposium; 1995 August 12–sixteen; Edmonton, AB. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta Press
  46. ^ a b Berg, William E.; Kuehn, David Westward. "Demography and range of fishers and American martens in a changing Minnesota mural", in Buskirk, pp. 262–271
  47. ^ a b Fredrickson, Richard John. (1990). The effects of disease, prey fluctuation, and clear cutting on American marten in Newfoundland. Logan, UT: Utah State University. Thesis.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Buskirk, Steven W.; Harestad, Alton Due south.; Raphael, Martin G.; Powell, Roger A., eds. (1994). Martens, sables, and fishers: Biology and conservation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN0-8014-2894-7.

External links [edit]

  • Smithsonian Institution – North American Mammals: Martes americana

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_marten

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